Ipswich, MA: Mary Ferrell Foundation Press, 2010) for acoustical correlation to the Zapruder film. [16][21][22][23] After he filed his report which took several minutes, the radiotelephone went dead before the main Associated Press reporter Jack Bell, who was seated in the back seat near Smith, could file his report. Because it had been raining earlier that morning, some women in Dealey Plaza wore scarves on their heads; but, the rain had stopped at 10 a.m., and since the shots weren't fired until 12:30 p.m . Roberdeau map showing the location of the Breneman & West mark in relation to the limousine at Z255, Second Shot From GKF to Kennedys throat Z188. James Tague is fortunate that his story made the Dallas newspapers or he would have been killed. The acoustic correlation places the shot at Z326, eight tenths of a second after Z313. Emotions notwithstanding, a scenario of the shots in Dealey Plaza has to address the following twenty-two items. Dealey Plaza /dili/ is a city park in the West End Historic District of downtown Dallas, Texas. JFK Homicide: Forensic Analysis in the JFK Assassination. This footage includes the dramatic and sad moment when President Kennedy is pronounced dead by NBC newsman Frank McGee (as he . (A small plaque commemorating the assassination is located in the plaza.). The Tague shot was an unwelcome surprise when it came to light. The three shots from behind scenario was already established when the limousine was photographed on Saturday, November 23. This tear can be seen from the right but not from the left, suggesting that it was easily overlooked. Meet at the John Neely Bryan Cabin. It wasnt a damn fragment its a hole. It is sometimes called the "birthplace of Dallas". An enlarged copy of the photo Krahmer took that day, Nov. 22, 1963, is now on display in Dallas at the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza. SIX JFK SHOOTERS - 3 TIED TO CIA . The JFK assassination led to a probe by the office of New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison an investigation recreated by Oliver Stone for the 1991 movie "JFK" but a crucial piece of evidence supporting the team's theory linking the CIA to President John F. Kennedy 's murder was found too late! As he was coming toward us, he was not against the curb lane. It is an attitude of universal benevolence. In any event, I do not believe the TSBDE shooter was anything more than a stand-in for Oswald. Three graphics images, all rendered Autocad drawings, test two scenarios. To claim all that. Whitney: Once it was empty? I assume that the TSBDE shooter used the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, which FBI analysts said shot high. Some researchers believe that shot #8 came from the top of the Dallas Records Building, but the trajectory from the Dallas Records Building to the manhole does not come close to the limousine. Proving who the shooters were and for whom they worked will tell us a great deal about the conspiracy to kill the President, and that is where I believe our attention should be focused. [31][38] Associated Press used a copy of Moorman's polaroid photo in its reporting of the events at Dealy Plaza during JFK's assassination. THE SIXTH FLOOR. Governor Connally looks quickly to the right. Tague, who is known as "the accidental victim" in the Nov. 22, 1963 shooting, started doing his own research on the assassination and found that the piece of curbstone from Dealey Plaza had. A problem with a theorized shot to Kennedys back is fitting the shot into the totality of circumstances. Ellis: The car? 13 The Presidential limousine had an indentation in the chrome frame of the windshield to the left of the right visor. The Museum is in the former Texas School Book Depository building, where evidence of a sniper was found after the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963. This shot completes the picture of the totality of circumstances. The floor is now a museum dedicated to Kennedys assassination. That was the first story that made the newspapers and it is the story the government originally believed. The Tague shot was an unwelcome surprise when it came to light. Some of the Mannlicher-Carcano ammunition possibly dated from World War II and the cartridge for shot #1 was weak either because of age or poor manufacture. The term "grassy knoll" was first used to describe this area by reporter Albert Merriman Smith, known as Smitty, of UPI, who was riding in the press "pool car" following 150 to 200 yards behind Kennedys car and had use of the car's radio-telephone. Other researchers believe in a back to throat trajectory or a throat to back trajectory. Monuments outlining the plaza honor previous prominent Dallas residents and predate President John F. Kennedy's visit by many years. The groove in the sidewalk on the north side of Elm Street lines up with TSBDW but not as a credible shot at the President. there that, I dont know I believe it was the first shot, I saw it hit the street right behind us, From the oral-history project: The Secret Service man that was on the left-rear-side of the limousine, he was holding on to the handle and there was no one on the right side. Jacqueline Kennedy, describing the conversation as the limo headed toward Dealey Plaza: Mrs. Connally said, We will soon be there. We could see a tunnel in front of us. Here, on Nov. 24th, mourners gathered in Dealey Plaza, many still in a state of shock. The Trade Mart, where Kennedy was to speak, was just three miles from the airport. Micah Johnson, the man believed to have shot dead five police officers and wounded seven more on Thursday night, launched his attack just yards from Dealey Plaza, where Lee Harvey Oswald shot . The yard, which extends west and north of the School Book Depository, includes the Interlocking Tower and a small office or shed. On Saturday, May 9, 2015 at 10:15:10 AM UTC-4, people from here and a few from there, on their own were part, On Thursday, May 21, 2015 at 12:23:36 PM UTC-4, mainframetech. You can no longer spot an "X" in Dealey Plaza. For many years researchers believed that the shot to the Presidents head came from GKF. We do not see the Governors turn to the right because he was behind the Stemmons Freeway sign. [13]:1114, Dealey Plaza was built on land donated by early Dallas philanthropist and businesswoman Sarah Horton Cockrell. There is also a grassy knoll on the northwest side of the plaza. So stop, said about 10 on the front end, and 10-20 at the back. Employee Lee Harvey Oswald stood on the sixth floor of the building and used a rifle to shoot President Kennedy. Investigators and historians still flock to the Grassy Knoll at Dealey Plaza today, recreating and studying the assassination that shook Americ. threw up a flash of dust where it hit the concrete curb, and I saw a bunch of people fall and I That is the only shot trajectory which obeys the unique layout found in Dealey Plaza. But it was necessary for me to do that in order to have close proximity to Mrs. Kennedy. I believe only one bullet is indicated by items 9-12. The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Paza, Dallas, Texas - Photo: Katerina Papathanasiou/The Vale Magazine The shooter at TSBDW shot once and hit Governor Connally. Our free, fast, and fun briefing on the global economy, delivered every weekday morning. Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy:Hearings Before the Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Volume 5. Freeman: At that time? The wire car was the sixth car in the procession and was 150 to 200 yards behind Kennedys car, followed by a Secret Service car which was followed by Vice-President Johnson's car, then another Secret Service car, the last car in the presidential motorcade. The show, starring James Franco, has taken over Dealey Plaza and the . Although the Dallas police did not know the location of the motorcycle with the open microphone, the committee believed the officer was in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination. By Z230 the back of the sign has cleared up but the original mark is out of frame. This suggests that the DTB shooter fired after the throat shot. It is no longer necessary to prove that the Warren Commission was wrong about the shots in Dealey Plaza. The following are contributing properties and other significant buildings within the historic district. Shown here are Texas Gov. Once you board your climate-controlled van, travel to the Grassy Knollthe spot where John F. Kennedy was shot in 1963. The occupants of the limousine believed that this was the first shot. The trajectory of the hole and the building and the This is my presentation on the shooting in Dealey Plaza. The recording is noisy with static. Connally Shot." East from the planter box on the north side of Main St. is a tall, graduated obelisk. The reasoning is that, since Connally held on to his hat, the first bullet that hit him did not shatter his wrist. It ain't me doing it. The Problem of Secrecy and the Solution of the JFK Act", "Final Report of the Assassination Records Review Board, Chapter 4", "Assassination Records Review Board: Unlocking the Government's Secret Files on the Murder of a President", "Washingtonpost.com: JFK Assassination Report", "Oliver Stone: JFK conspiracy deniers are in denial", "JFK Assassination: Kennedy's Head Wound", "Clarifying the Federal Record on the Zapruder Film and the Medical and Ballistics Evidence", "Troves of files on JFK assassination remain secret", "Trump has no plan to block scheduled release of JFK records", "Trump Holds Some JFK Assassination Files Back, Sets New 3-Year Deadline", "National Archives Releases JFK Assassination Records", "Thousands of unedited government JFK assassination files released", "Chapter 1: The Problem of Secrecy and the JFK Act", "Majority in U.S. It was also the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963; 30 minutes after the shooting, Kennedy was pronounced dead at Parkland Memorial Hospital.The Dealey Plaza Historic District was named a National Historic Landmark . 6 A bullet hit the south curb of Main Street near the Triple Underpass and wounded James Tague on the right cheek. There is an even stronger argument in the narrative that rules out a hole in the windshield. After the shooting, Umbrella Man and Radio Man sat on the curb together. They scheduled 45 minutes for the 10-mile trip, but huge crowds of spectators slowed the motorcade, which crawled through Dealey Plaza at just 10 mph in the moments before Kennedy was shot. Nice and cozy, well protected, and out of view. As I meticulously explain in chapter 17 of my book, the shot that struck JFK in the throat, came from the South knoll underneath the triple underpass. "History, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy", This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 10:11. But then suddenly governor Connally was yelling, Oh, no, no, no., Zapruder:And as I was shooting, as the president was coming down from Houston Street making his turn, it was about halfway down there, I heard a shot, and he slumped to the side, like this. This is the view from the window from which an assassin fired the shots that killed President John F. Kennedy and severely wounded Texas Governor John Connally as the presidential motorcade drove through Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963. The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza is located in what was once the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, the building from which Lee Harvey Oswald shot. What is Dealey Plaza? But they just seemed to be taller and bigger and just vivacious. To not wish harm to any living creaturenot even to any lifeless object. Consequently the third shot did not trigger a reflex action or an acoustical pulse and there is no way to tie the shot to a specific Zapruder frame. cit.) 14 The Presidential limousine had a defect in the windshield just below the indentation in the frame. And all I remember is seeing my husband, he had this sort of quizzical look on his face, and his hand was up, it must have been his left hand. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dealey_Plaza&oldid=1138986245. The Stemmons Freeway sign first appears at Z133 and for 67 frames the back of the sign has no blemishes or camera artifacts. The eyewitness account of Ed Hoffman places only one shooter and an accomplice behind the GKF. LEARN MORE. hospital, you could take a regular standard writing pencil, wood pencil, and stick it through We may earn a commission from links on this page. This Nov. 5, 2013 photo shows an image taken by Dallas Morning News photographer Tom Dillard on Nov. 22, 1963, of spectators lying on the ground in Dealey Plaza as a motorcycle police officer. Posted November 11, 2022. A shot to the pavement behind the limousine is addressed in the narrative on shot #2. That is the only shot trajectory which obeys the unique layout found in Dealey Plaza. Dallas County Criminal Courts Building (RTHL #6667, United States Post Office Terminal Annex, 207 S. Houston St. This structure of subdued. The crowds chose to meet in Dealey Plaza and lined themselves around the large white "X" that marks the spot where his father, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated in 1963. : Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, "Letter from Assistant Attorney General William F. Weld to Peter W. Rodino Jr., undated", "1. This shot went through the windshield before striking JFK: Using the articles logic, you know a bullet went through the windshield, a bit left of center, knicked (sic) the left side of the Presidents tie, damaged the left side of the trachea, and scarred Elm Street after it exited the neck. I believe the TSBDE shooter could not hit anything with his inferior rifle, and he will manage to fire just two shots in ten seconds. Clothing manufacturer Abraham Zapruder, standing behind the Newmans, was filming with an 8mm Bell & Howell camera. They gave us flowers. 411 Elm St, Dallas, TX 75202, USA. The photo opportunity that would unfold as the couple stepped down the stairs at 11:44 was too good to pass up. Mary Muchmore Film. Included in Walking Tour and Bus Tour THE GRASSY KNOLL 411 Elm St, Dallas, TX 75202 side came down right in front of the driver and out the glass into the street about 5 or 6 inches Like Umbrella Man, Radio Man was a crowd member who stood watching while President Kennedy was shot. Sixth Floor Museum. 35 witnesses recorded testimony of at least one shot fired from either the grassy knoll or the triple underpass. The Kennedys ride in Dallas, in the moments before the president was assassinated. I located a mark on the curb in the Altgens 6 photograph, but there is no proof that the mark is a bullet mark, or if it is the mark noted by Breneman & West. Your historian-guide tells you stories you may not have heard otherwise about the day's happenings, and helps you decipher some of the most talked . There were just under ten seconds from the first to the last shot. A Hollywood film crew was there filming the Netflix series "The Umbrella Academy". Dozens wore Tiffany. Tippit. For other uses, see. pioneer plaza 616 Dealey Plaza Premium High Res Photos Browse 616 dealey plaza stock photos and images available, or search for dallas or deep ellum to find more great stock photos and pictures. Alternatively, the bullet may have split after it struck Connallys rib. I was out in the middle of the street. Visitors to Dealey Plaza today will see street lights and street signs that were in use in 1963, though some have been moved to different locations and others removed entirely. Zapruder's home movie film would be the only known recording to capture the entire assassination. 1 The east window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository (the Oswald window) TSBDE (shots #1 & #8), 2 The west window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository TSBDW (shot #5). "Review: The Sixth Floor: John F. Kennedy and the Memory of a Nation,", Eder, Elizabeth. The first phase of the restoration, which spent $700,000 for repair work and plumbing along Houston Streets, was completed on November 22, 2008, the 45th anniversary of JFK assassination. The exception was the Texas School Book Depository, which was chosen to incriminate Oswald and not for its desirability as a shooting location. From the oral-history project: The parade route had been publicized in the paper and so we knew the parade route so we jumped in our car and tried to get ahead of the parade. Noticing anything that contradicted that scenario would have been discouraged. I took the photograph from the manhole cover, Photograph by William Allen Photograph by Jim Murray, Zapruder frame 400 showing bullet mark on grass. A shot to the back of Kennedys head is an issue is because of a forward movement of Kennedys head between Zapruder frames 312 and 313. If this be research, give me the lunatic fringe, any day or night.. He sold the rights for $150,000 plus royalties, according to the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaz, Conspiracy theories raged around the identity of the Umbrella Man. Despite sunny weather in Dallas that day, a man was captured in photographs holding an open black umbrella over his head as Kennedys limousine passed by. The shooter at RROP made the fatal shot. In this diagram, Cutler estimated (and I agree) that the throat shot occurred between Zapruder frames 208-211. However this and the eighth shot are necessary to complete the picture of the assassination. In the attached gift shop, you can get a signed print of Jackson's infamous photo of Ruby shooting Oswald for $250, one of the pricier items from a . The deep indentation in the chrome frame of the windshield was caused by a direct hit from a nearly horizontal direction, which makes DTB the only possible shooter location. A free-standing brick elevator tower connects the center to the Sixth Floor Museum in the depository building. Free cancellation. 1 I relied upon Robert Groden (Groden, Robert J. This super closeup of the Cancellare photograph shows that the area in question had ample clearance to allow a shot without any cars interfering. Former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald was believed, by the prevailing accounts, to have been responsible for firing the shots from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building, which struck Kennedy in the neck and head as his motorcade passed through the plaza at 12:30 p.m. that day. One of the ongoing mysteries of Dealey Plaza is the origin of the fragment that hit James Tague. A high-powered rifle shot using a bullet with a full-metal jacket could pass through Kennedys back muscles without a large exit wound. 12 Nellie Connally stated that her husband never let go of the hat in his right hand. Both pools are rectangular on their ends near Main and oval-shaped at their ends along the edges. No way theres even any cracks associated with that bullet hole, It seemed like a high velocity bullet that had penetrated from front to back in that glass pane. Oh heck right beside it, I could have touched it. Whitney: It really was a hole and not a crack (17:24) Resources: The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza;Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy:Hearings Before the Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Volume 5;Abraham Zapruder WFAA-TV interview. It is not easy to second-guess the Bethesda doctors but the logic of a single bullet causing both wounds is compelling. 22 There was a groove in the sidewalk on the north side of Elm Street that lines up with the west window of the Texas School Book Depository. That was the purpose of creating evidence linking Oswald to the rifle. It was also the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963; 30 minutes after the shooting, Kennedy was pronounced dead at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Oswald's rifle was the murder weapon and you think it doesn't, anything. Lyndon B. Johnson, 55, would become the 36th President in Dallas that day. Or I look at the fibers on the butt plate of the murder, which matched Oswald's shirt as an indication he was the one who, murder weapon and you don't think it means anything. Captured partial assassination sequence. Zapruder frame 268 showing the crack in the windshield and the tear in the rear seat (Normal image and enhanced image), Seventh Shot From RROP to Kennedys right temple Z313. 19 Witnesses reported a gunshot after the shot to Kennedys head. 10 Governor Connally had a shattered right wrist. One of those buildings is the former Texas School Book Depository building, from which, both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded, Lee Harvey Oswald fired a rifle that killed President John F. Kennedy. Terjemahan dalam konteks "DI DEALEY PLAZA DI DALLAS" dalam bahasa malay - bahasa inggeris. The Sixth Floor Museum now occupies the top two floors of the seven-story former Book Depository. And I remember thinking it would be so cool under that tunnel Well, that is when she said to president Kennedy, You certainly cant say that the people of Dallas havent given you a nice welcomeI think he saidI dont know if I remember it or I have read itNo, you certainly cant, or something. The president had insisted on riding without a protective bubble top, all the better to see and be seen. However, it is clear that the shooters were confident of their ability to control the crime scene. And then he sort of did this, put his hand to his forehead and fell in my lap.And then I just remember falling on him and saying, Oh, no, no, no, I mean, Oh, my God, they have shot my husband. And I love you, Jack. I remember I was shouting. Dallas street workers have apparently removed the white "X's" that marked the spot where President John F. Kennedy was shot, The Dallas Morning . Warren Commission CE349Z Warren Commission CE350 with ricochet angle added, Warren Commission CE567-b & CE569 Bullet fragments found in the limousine front seat. The shooter at GKF hit President Kennedy once and missed once. In frame Z206 the line and the discoloration are still clear but by Z207 the clarity is lost and in Z208 the line is out of frame. The bullet made a small tear in the leather upholstery rather than a hole. And the children knew he was going to be riding by, so when I saw him turn the corner and drive towards us, I leaned down and I said, Well theres Uncle Steve, lets wave.. I can tie the DTB shooter to shot #6 so the Tague shot has to occur earlier in the sequence. A jacketed bullet on the trajectory shown in the Croft photograph could pass through the rear section of the limousine and strike the pavement. Consequently the crack in the windshield was not a through and through hole, despite the testimony of witnesses who say it was. The groove looks like the gouge of a kickstand (See Groden, Robert J. op. This caused CE567 (see shot #6) to be matched ballistically to Oswalds rifle. At that angle from the sixth floor a bullet would ricochet over the bystanders, but there is no room in the scenario for another shot. That's why the Vice President was not in the pictures taken of his car. A show of unity over two days in Texas was necessary if Kennedy had any hope of winning again in 1964. No blood or anything. Gender:Male. After screening the film for Secret Service agents, Zapruder agreed to sell the rights to "Life," but did not want the film to be exploited. 2 I relied upon Donald Thomas (Thomas, Donald B. But I dont remember that at all. 16 President Kennedy had a massive gunshot wound to the head. Hoffmans description of the shooter does not resemble the man claiming to have made the shot. Today, the plaza is typically visited daily by tourists. As shots rang out in Dealey Plaza, a reporter riding in the motorcade filed a dispatch saying police thought the gunfire came from the right rear of the presidents limo, probably from a grassy knoll to which police rushed, according to a timeline of news coverage compiled by the Sixth Floor Museum, now housed in the Texas School Book Depository. Mrs. Kennedy normally wouldnt do that. Ellis: I would say from a shot, one of the shots that was shot at the President, one of them Witnesses reported that the first shot struck the pavement behind the Presidents limousine. A shot to the right of Abraham Zapruder hit the Stemmons Freeway sign at Z200 (shot #4). There is also a forward movement of Governor Connallys head relative to Nellie Connallys face and a forward movement of Jackie Kennedys head relative to the door handle. Catch up on more JFK news here. These are established facts. Or I look at Oswald's fingerprints in the sniper's nest, indication he was in the sniper's nest and you don't think it, anything. However, the acoustic correlation is Z175, which seems a more likely trajectory on the Roberdeau map. There was also a tactical reason for choosing the 6.5 mm Mannlicher-Carcano and that is described in the narrative. Freeman: No Nah ha. Kennedys forward movement after the shot to his throat is interpreted by some researchers as momentum from a shot to his back supposedly occurring at Z228. ", "John F. Kennedy Memorial Plaza Historical Marker", "Documents State JFK's Dallas Coffin Disposed At Sea", "Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives", "Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy", "Appendix 13: Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald", The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection, JFK Assassination:A look back at the death of President John F. Kennedy 50 years ago, "November 22, 1963: Death of the President", "Weisberg Collection on the JFK Assassination", University of Texas at Arlington Libraries Special Collections, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy&oldid=1141100333. You could hear the cheering of the crowd. During photography, that wound was covered by folded skin. The doctors at Parkland Hospital still insist that the throat wound was an entry wound; they did not see the back wound. The next image is of the utility box located precisely adjacent to the cubby hole position which Roy Schaeffer has pointed out as the most plausible location for a sniper to have executed the throat shot. Dealey Plaza is bounded on the south, east, and north sides by 100+ foot (30+ m) tall buildings. [16] In his second dispatch from the car just 25 minutes after the shooting, he said, "Some of the Secret Service agents thought the gunfire was from an automatic weapon fired to the right rear of the president's car, probably from a grassy knoll to which police rushed." The decision to pin an inferior Italian rifle on the patsy was a sign of disrespect for the FBI. A shot to the head from TSBDW would produce a movement forward and to the left. Ahimsa is about the intent, rather than the action itself. The City of Dallas may have destroyed incriminating evidence that wasnt really incriminating. But it was very clear, it was a through and through bullet hole, through the windshield of the car, from the front to the back. Immediately west of the obelisk is a bronze bas relief marker mounted on red granite illustrating President Kennedy's visit to Dallas. The National Park Service designated Dealey Plaza a National Historic Landmark District on November 22, 1993, the 30th anniversary of JFK assassination, roughly encompassing the area between Pacific Avenue, Market and Jackson Streets and the former railroad tracks. Which leads you to wonder: What if there had been someone on both sides of the limo, particularly the right side? Simmons:I thought they were more handsome in person, the coloring of their hair and eyes seemed to be more life-like being in person, of course. Jacqueline Kennedy:I tried to stay close to my husband and lots of times you get pushed away, you know, people leaning over and pulling your hand. She cradled the wounded dead President in her lap his blood all over her as they rushed to Parkland Hospital. It is sometimes called the "birthplace of Dallas". With such a scenario in hand we can concentrate on other unresolved issues and someday push through to a conclusion. There are five locations that correspond to the eight shots in this scenario. 12:40 p.m. I assumed that the shooters were professionals who chose locations that maximized cover, effective shots and ease of escape. However, it appears that he heard two shots before he was injured and a third shot after he was injured. The bullet mark on the south curb of Elm Street noted by Breneman & West ties in with witnesses who reported a shot that hit the pavement. "The Kennedy Assassination--Part 1" features two hours of NBC-TV as-it-is-happening news coverage from Friday, November 22, 1963 -- the day President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in downtown Dallas, Texas, while riding in his open-top limousine through Dealey Plaza. And it just seemed an eternity. I believe Kennedys forward movement is a rebound from the backward thrust of the throat shot and his attempt to regain composure. Tague said he heard the weak first shot that sounded like a firecracker. These two men were best friends with both Jack and Bobby Kennedy. Dallas County Records Building Annex, 500 Elm St. The 1955 annex to the Records Building has its primary facade along Elm St. facing the Dal-Tex Building.
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