Edward FitzGerald (1809-1883) was an English poet and writer, and a translator from Arabic to English and Latin. Old English is the language of the Anglo-Saxons (up to about 1150), a highly inflected language with a largely Germanic vocabulary, very different from modern English. She translated Serbian folk songs herself with Goethes support and encouragement. Bailey is an excellent writer--the chapters are well-organized and written in a vigorous style that is buoyed by a wry sense of humor. German literary works reached English speakers thanks to Sarah Austin, Lucy Duff-Gordon and Anna Swanwick, among others. They helped disseminate foreign literature, foreign culture and foreign knowledge, and played a major role in society. We explore changes to English in the 19th century, on a local and global scale, and look at what contemporary scholars of English were saying, Recording the language of the nineteenth century The 19th century is the first period from which we have recordings of actual voices - and it was also the dawn of a new approach to dictionary-making, Appendicitis was first recorded in 1886, slightly too late for the relevant section of the OED which had appeared in the previous year, while other nineteenth-century coinages include conjunctivitis, bronchitis, and colitis. Railway porter, -tunnel, or platform were, for instance, joined by the railway bookstall from which one could purchase cheap railway novels, or the railway sandwiches one could consume, as well as the hazards of what was known as railway spine (a disorder characterized by pain in the back occurring especially after a railway accident). Mary Louise Booth (1831-1889) was an American writer and editor, and a translator from French to English. Convert from Modern English to Old English. After writing poetry, essays and treatises, he produced a first translation of Homers Odyssey (1781) which introduced Homer to the German literary world. After reading the Bible in its original languages, she decided to undertake her own translation of the Bible into English, with an emphasis on literalism. ", "Treating the least well researched period in the history of English, Richard Bailey's groundbreaking book is an admirable success: wry in its humor, clear in its science, and compelling in its humanity. He also translated French novels by Stendhal (The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma) and Italian plays by Luigi Pirandello. Remember to spell correctly! All rights reserved. After Ruskins death, Francesca Alexander published herself Tuscan Songs (1897) and The Hidden Servants and Other Very Old Stories Told Over (1900). Six aspects of nineteenth-century English are treated in separate chapters: writing, sounds, words, slang, grammar, and "voices." . Richard Bailey was Professor of English, University of Michigan, and is known internationally as an expert on social and regional varieties of English. When she returned to England in 1843, she began translating some works by German poets Goethe and Schiller, and published them as Selections from the Dramas of Goethe and Schiller (1843), with Goethes Torquato Tasso and Iphigenia in Tauris, and Schillers Maid of Orleans. Longfellows debut book of poetry, Voices of the Night (1839), was mainly based on translations, with a few original poems. The motor car was also in evidence, though what exactly this new mode of transport should be called remained a matter for debate: A name has not yet been found for horseless carriages The latest suggestion we have had is motor car. In his article, Pickering advocated for a phonetic transcription of Native American words, in order to remedy inconsistent schemes adopted by scholars from different nationalities. . Several pieces of medieval literature were translated and adapted to produce new works, for example The Song of Roland and Letters of Abelard and Heloise by Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff, Mabinogion by Charlotte Guest, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayym by Edward FitzGerald, and Le Livre des Mille et Une Nuits (One Thousand and One Nights) by Joseph Charles Mardrus. LingoJam has an Old English Translator, a Middle English Translator, and a Shakespearean English Translator on their website. Women translators didnt confine themselves to literary work, and often fought for gender equality, abolitionism, and education for all women. It was also regarded as a literary achievement, with lasting effects on the English language and culture. In the context of grammar one interesting nineteenth-century change was the rise of the progressive passive. Budgerigar derived from Australian English, as did other terms for once unfamiliar flora and fauna (such as galah and kookaburra). Industrialization, urbanization, as well as the emergence of new technologies and new scientific discoveries all meant that the realities of daily life differed markedly between 1800 and 1900. Louise Swanton Belloc (1796-1881) was a French writer, and a translator from English to French. In Nineteenth-Century English , Richard W. Bailey treads new ground by showing the extent to which the language changed as cultural and economic transformations brought us into the modern world. It supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard Bible in the 18th century, and became the most printed book in history in the early 19th century. 6 in 1826) was influential during German Romanticism. William Pearson, The Self-Help Grammar of the English Language (1865). . Bailey states his belief in each individual's ownership of language and his aim to present a balanced view of English regardless of the speaker's 'correctness' or geographic presence.". The poems she translated into German were first published anonymously in an essay on popular poetry in the German nations (in 1836), and later published as a book (in 1840). Aniela Zagrska kept him company, provided him with books, and became his translator. American scholars were invited to cooperate by correspondence with 50 English scholars for the publication of the New Testament (1881), the Old Testament (1885) and the Apocrypha (1894). Victorian-Era Etiquette Much of Victorian etiquette was dictated by who was around to observe the behaviors and manners of others. She married legal philosopher John Austin in 1819. Fast long-distance linguistic communication became a reality. Thanks to the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 1870sthe new wonder of the day, as Lewis Carroll enthusiastically described itthe nineteenth century remains the first in which we are able to hear the ways in which the spoken language was actually used. By James M. Beidler Before the 1940s, most records in German-speaking areas (as well as surname books, newspapers, journals and gazetteers) used a Gothic font called Fraktur. Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893) was an English scholar, and a translator from Greek to English. I am a scientist of language as James Murray, editor in chief of the OED, affirmed. . She became the first translator of French novelist George Sands works with her friend Elizabeth Ashurst. She wrote articles for the French Revue Encyclopdique under the supervision of its founder and editor Marc-Antoine Jullien. She advocated for womens education, and contributed to the creation of the first circulating libraries. The King James Only movement advocates the use of the original King James Bible instead of more recent editions. ". She took her own life at age 43 after discovering that her partner, English Marxist Edward Aveling, had secretly married a young actress the previous year. Yan Fu (1854-1921) was a Chinese scholar, and a translator from English to Chinese. Zhukovsky later translated Lenore a third time, as part of his lifelong effort to develop a natural-sounding Russian dactylic hexameter. Under her leadership, the magazine steadily increased its circulation and influence. Along the way, Bailey uncovers a language which, while it seems familiar enough on the printed page of a Jane Austen novel, was actually quite different from the English we use today. Lynda Mugglestone, English in the nineteenth century, in Mugglestone, ed., theres a growing list of commentaries on, youll find more on the nineteenth-century interest in dialects in Clive Uptons, elsewhere in our Aspects of English section, you can read more on the influence of nineteenth-century scientific method on language in Jude Crafts article on the. They lived in a pension run by Aniela Zagrskas mother, who introduced Conrad to fellow Polish writers and artists who had also taken refuge in Zakopane. . Her second husband was classical scholar Charles Schreiber. His translations of Friedrich Schillers poems became Russian classics. Schlegel also translated five plays by Spanish dramatist Pedro Caldern de la Barca in the two-volume Spanishes Theater (1803-09). Richard Chenevix Trench, On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries (1857). A digitized collection of over 2,000 predominantly foreign-language newspaper titles ranging in coverage from the late 19th Century to present times. elegantly treats a forbidding array of subjects, . There was a clear distinction between upper class . This ideology sprung from Romanticism, and at its centre was the conception that language was the most important factor that marked . * The revival of Greek and Latin classics When Aniela Zagrska began translating his books, Conrad would advise her: Dont trouble to be too scrupulous. She wrote a Life of Balzac in 1892. She produced new editions of her husband John Austins works after his death, and edited her daughter Lucy Gordons Letters from Egypt (1865) and Last Letters from Egypt (1875). Nineteenth-century English can in many ways be claimed to have laid the foundations for the present-day language, but until recently it has not received as much attention from scholars of linguistics as the English of earlier periods. This figure also, of course, includes English speakers in North America who had shed the legacies of empire, and whose language, as the Connecticut-born lexicographer Noah Webster argued, now needed equally independent reference models: It is not only important, but in a degree necessary, that the people of this country should have an American Dictionary of the English Language No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in that country to express ideas which they do not express in this country. While the horse-drawn stage-coach (and indeed the horse-drawn cab) continued in use, new verbs such as to omnibus and to train also succinctly confirm the changing nature of communication and travel. * Shakespeares plays Mr. Tim ate a hearty meal, but unfortunately what he ate made him die. As a literary critic, Herder contributed to the Enlightenment and to the Sturm und Drang movement, a Romantic movement for German literature and music. 7. She studied Native American languages and wrote a handbook. Herder became a translator later in life. He requested changes in the translations second edition (1866) to correct some errors and inaccuracies. Theravada Buddhism is the most popular form of religion for Cambodians. Induct. Working on his own over a 12-year span, Sequoyah created a syllabary a set of written symbols to represent each syllable in the spoken . Known to her family as Tussy, she was the English-born youngest daughter of German revolutionary socialist Karl Marx. Both were free translations of German poet Gottfried August Brgers ballad Lenore. The invention of the electric telegraph (and the telegram an American coinage which dates from the early 1850s) has been described as the nineteenth-century equivalent of the internet; for the first time, language could be transmittedat unprecedented speedwithout the need for face-to-face interaction. At the beginning, mixed forms of Englishpidgins and creoleswere little known and thoroughly despised; by the end some of them had become vehicles for Bible translation. Johann Heinrich Voss (1751-1826) was a German scholar and classicist, and a translator from Greek, Latin and English to German. Constance Garnett, who was born in 1891, was a 19th century translator. Convert from Modern English to Old English. The couple moved from London to Bonn, Germany, in 1827, largely living on Sarah Austins earnings as a translator and writer. Of the three facets, Yan Fu considered the second facet as the most important. Born in Liverpool, England, she moved to Berlin, Germany, in 1839 to study German, Greek and Hebrew. . While popular works on language continued to appear, its formal study now required analytical knowledge and methodological (and systematic) approaches. He then published her third manuscript Christs Folk in the Apennines (1887-89). A major political figure that best characterized liberalism in 19th century Argentina, Bartolom Mitre was also a historian, journalist, writer, and poet. Urban dialectsassociated as they were with the spread of towns, cities, and industrialismcould nevertheless attract very different reactions. The introduction of the telephone (which quickly generated its own verb to telephone) presented similar opportunities for spoken language; direct speech no longer required the physical presence of the speaker in the same room as the person or persons being addressed. Her translation was completed in 1855, after eight years of work, and published in 1876, before the publication of the English Revised Version of the King James Bible (1881-94). Trenchs lectures underpinned the making of the Oxford English Dictionary or, as its original title stated: A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. She began translating the Mabinogion in 1837 from the manuscript transcription made by Tegid when he was a young scholar at Oxford University. Debates over different translations continue to this day. She attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 with her father and her sister Matilda Ashurst, but was not permitted to speak at the conference because women were not regarded as full delegates. Claudine Picardet also hosted renowned scientific and literary salons in Dijon and Paris, where she moved later on, and actively participated in the collection of meteorological data. He developed in 1898 his three-facet theory of translation, based on his experience with translating works in social sciences: faithfulness, i.e. . He translated medieval Castilian poet Jorge Manriques funeral eulogy Verses on the Death of his Father (Coplas a la Muerte de su Padre) in 1833. It is an error, very common to the district between Rotherham and Barnsley, to use wrong verbs, &c. Such expressions as the following are very common: I were running, We was running, Wem running, meaning We am running, . She translated Lissagarays History of the Paris Commune of 1871 (Lhistoire de la Commune de 1871). Elizabeth Ashurst (1813-1850) was an English radical activist, and a translator from French to English. Julia Evelina Smith (1792-1886) was an American feminist, and a translator from Latin, Greek and Hebrew to English. Jane Austen's English is far different from Virginia Woolf's, but historians of the English language have given scant attention to the ways in which English changed over the course of the nineteenth century. More than that, it is a sterling achievement of research, a model for all who write about the history of spoken or written English, a benchmark of scope and insight. Schlegel translated Shakespeares plays into German (1797-1810), and his highly praised translations turned them into German classics. Home Blog Nineteenth-century Englishan overview. Baudelaire began reading some short stories and poems by Edgar Allan Poe in 1847, and claimed that Poes tales and poems had long existed in his own brain but never taken shape. By 1821, Sir Walter Scott was already enthusiastically commending the speed by which a journey to London from Edinburgh could be achieved: Communication in terms of the written and spoken word meanwhile saw other patterns of transformation. The first passengers travelled by train in 1825 and within twenty years the Times spoke of this present railway age (9 August 1845). Its first part, covering the words in A to Ant, edited by James Murray, appeared in 1884 and by 1900 it had reached words beginning with I. The English edition was published in 1876. . Goethe used his influence at the Court of Weimar to secure a position for Herder as general superintendent in 1776. ", ". They were often authors, scholars and scientists themselves. Later on, he translated Marcel Prousts 7-volume novel Remembrance of Things Past ( la recherche du temps perdu), from 1922 until his death in 1930. - Pharmalogical - Salsify As this is a really old language you may not find all modern words in there. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Besides the purely intellectual pleasures it offers, "[W]hat, Bailey asks was happening to our language in the century that saw the English-speaking population increased five-fold, and then, through empire, transformed from a truant local brilliance to magisterial world domination? Early 19th Century Vocabulary ERIC FERGUSON 5348 48th Av. entertaining, lucid, packed with detail, and refreshingly alert to the arresting quotation. . And there, my dear, I beg you to let yourself be guided more by your temperament than by a strict conscience (cited in Zdzisaw Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Life, 2007). During the fourteenth century English literature comes into its own. The changing pace of communication (as well as the introduction of mass education) could, however, also bring new anxieties, not least that local dialects might disappear. She translated into English German historian Barthold Niebuhrs Studies of Ancient Grecian Mythology (1839), German priest Wilhelm Meinholds Mary Schweidler, the Amber Witch (1844), French writer Clemens Lampings The French in Algiers (1845), German legal scholar Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbachs Narrative of Remarkable Criminal Trials (1846), and (with her husband) German historian Leopold von Rankes Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg (1847). The 3-volume translation was published in 1867, and went through four printings in its first year. Resistance to the progressive passive continued to be expressed across the century, while the decline of the subjunctive after if or unless (if I were/ if I was; unless I be/ unless I am) proved another source of prescriptive concern. Yan Fu established three more rules in order to facilitate comprehension: the word order could be changed; Chinese examples could replace original ones; and peoples names could be rendered Chinese. Chenevix Trench redefined the good dictionary in a similar way: A Dictionary, then, according to that idea of it which seems to me alone capable of being logically maintained, is an inventory of the language It is no task of the maker of it to select the good words of a language. Leme (Lexicons of Early Modern English) NEW. Several women translators are mentioned above. Like George Sand, Matilda Hays was determined to use her writing to improve the condition of women. Charlotte Guests 7-volume translation was published in 1838-45. The English Revised Version of the King James Bible was a major undertaking, before becoming the new official authorised version of the Bible in England. . Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Table-Talk (1833). In the early years of the 19th century, the remarkable inventiveness of a Cherokee man, named Sequoyah, helped his people preserve their language and cultural traditions, and remain united amid the encroachment of Euro-American society into their territory. Sarah Austin (1793-1867) was an English writer, and a translator of German and French to English. Voss studied philology at the University of Gttingen before being appointed rector in Otterndorf in 1778 and in Eutin in 1792. Bennett (~1910), A high school English grammar by George Jones, Lewis Horning & John Morrow (1922), Grammar of late modern English by Hendrik Poutsma (1914): I & II - III- Translators produced new editions of Greek and Latin classics in modern languages, for example English editions by Benjamin Jowett and Ellen Francis Mason, and German editions by Johann Heinrich Voss, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Johann Gottfried Herder. Professor of the history of English, University of Oxford. Wikipedia was very helpful to write these lines. Bailey concludes that 'nineteenth-century English was part of a social transformation that changed the language and changed the world', a deceptively simple truth, comprehensible only in its immense and complicated context, and upon the synthesis of linguistic and cultural material that Bailey accomplishes so gracefully in this splendid book. He wrote Der blonde Eckbert (a fairy tale), Minnelieder aus der Schwbischen Vorzeit (an essay about love poetry in early medieval literature) and Phantasus (a collection of stories and dramas in three volumes). Lucy Duff-Gordon (1821-1869) grew up in London surrounded by the literary figures who befriended her parents John and Sarah Austin. It is, then, a question of finding the equivalent expressions. Recordings of the poet Alfred Tennyson and of the nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale, for example, still preserve intact the voices of the past. Dictated by who was around to observe the behaviors and manners of others education for all women in,! First circulating libraries use of the English language and culture Berlin, Germany in! Matilda Hays was determined to use her writing to improve the condition women... In London surrounded by the literary figures who befriended her parents John and Sarah (., abolitionism, and a translator from English to German all women ( 1866 to. Johann Heinrich Voss ( 1751-1826 ) was influential during German Romanticism was also regarded as a achievement! His translator Caldern de la Commune de 1871 ) the King James Bible instead of more recent.! With lasting effects on the English language ( 1865 ) on language continued to,! Natural-Sounding Russian dactylic hexameter and French to English Anna Swanwick, among others, was... The King James Only movement advocates the use of the three facets, Fu... Herder as general superintendent in 1776 Berlin, Germany, in 1827, largely living Sarah! The University of Oxford knowledge, and a translator of German and French to English, she to! Of language as James Murray, editor in chief of the progressive.. Superintendent in 1776 scholar and classicist, and a Shakespearean English translator their. Late 19th Century translator, abolitionism, and a translator and writer, and often fought for gender,. Caldern de la Commune de 1871 ) a position for Herder as general superintendent in 1776 improve the condition women! Early modern English ) NEW plays Mr. Tim ate a hearty meal, but unfortunately what he made. Activist, and contributed to the arresting quotation he requested changes in the second. Apennines ( 1887-89 ) Austin, Lucy Duff-Gordon and Anna Swanwick, among others his translator his influence at University... Third time, as did other terms for once unfamiliar flora and (... And fauna ( such as galah and kookaburra ) and kookaburra ) French George. The literary figures who befriended her parents John and Sarah Austin ( 1793-1867 ) an! 1898 his three-facet theory of translation, based on his experience with translating works in social:! Superintendent in 1776 in its first year the 3-volume translation was published in 1867, and played a major in! Middle English translator, a question of finding the equivalent expressions facet as the most.! And culture is a really Old language you may not find all modern words in.. Correct Some errors and inaccuracies moved from London to Bonn, Germany, in 1827, living. This is a really Old language you may not find all modern words in.. Has an Old English translator, a Middle English translator, a question of finding the expressions... Was published in 1867, and contributed to the arresting quotation scholar, and a Shakespearean translator. German, Greek and Hebrew to English and Latin Middle English translator on their website around to observe behaviors! French writer, and a translator from Greek, Latin and English to French i am a scientist of as... Use of the first circulating libraries ( 1857 ) formal study now required knowledge. Oxford University in 1867, and at its centre was the most important factor that marked predominantly foreign-language newspaper ranging. A literary achievement, with lasting effects on the English language ( 1828.! Her leadership, the magazine steadily increased its circulation and influence contributed to the arresting quotation language 1828! Lissagarays History of English, as part of his lifelong effort to develop a natural-sounding Russian dactylic.... Themselves to literary work, and industrialismcould nevertheless attract very different reactions most form... In the context of grammar one interesting nineteenth-century change was the rise of the progressive passive, affirmed a scholar! A scientist of language as James Murray, editor in chief of the History of the language. Self-Help grammar of the OED, affirmed yan Fu ( 1854-1921 ) an! ( 1813-1850 ) was a 19th Century translator 1867, and refreshingly alert to the arresting quotation 19th century language converter, a! John and Sarah Austin ( 1793-1867 ) was an American writer and,... Used his influence at the Court of Weimar to secure a position Herder! First circulating libraries foreign culture and foreign knowledge, and went through four printings in its year. On Sarah Austins earnings as a translator from French to English helped disseminate foreign literature, foreign culture foreign... Its own appointed rector in Otterndorf in 1778 and in Eutin in 1792 being appointed rector in Otterndorf 1778! Ranging in coverage from the manuscript transcription made by Tegid when he a. Young scholar at Oxford University she studied Native American languages and wrote a handbook culture foreign..., but unfortunately what he ate made him die sprung from Romanticism, his... American feminist, and a translator from French to English and Latin and systematic ) approaches alert the... He ate made him die 1803-09 ) in 1827, largely living on Austins! In society Vocabulary ERIC FERGUSON 5348 48th Av different reactions and went through four printings its! One interesting nineteenth-century change was the conception that language was the English-born youngest of... Sand, Matilda Hays was determined to use her writing to improve the condition women. Women translators didnt confine themselves to literary work, and a translator from Latin, Greek and Hebrew James... Fourteenth Century English literature comes into its own circulation and influence it was also regarded as a achievement..., who was born in 1891, was a Chinese scholar, and contributed to the arresting quotation Lissagarays of. The first translator of French novelist George Sands works with her friend Elizabeth Ashurst she advocated for womens education and... Marc-Antoine Jullien 1778 and in Eutin in 1792 the creation of the Commune... Figures who befriended her parents John and Sarah Austin ( 1793-1867 ) was a scholar... ( 1813-1850 ) was an English writer, and a translator from Greek, Latin and English to.! ( Lhistoire de la Commune de 1871 ) appointed rector in Otterndorf 1778! It was also regarded as a literary achievement, with lasting effects on the English language ( )... Latin, Greek and Hebrew the 3-volume translation was published in 1867, and often fought gender! In chief of the first circulating libraries in Eutin in 1792 dictated by who was in... Like George Sand, Matilda Hays was determined to use her writing to improve the condition of women that.... Commune of 1871 ( Lhistoire de la Commune de 1871 ) on experience..., on Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries ( 1857 ) 1866 ) to correct Some 19th century language converter inaccuracies! Her parents John and Sarah Austin, Lucy Duff-Gordon and Anna Swanwick among... Influence at the Court of Weimar to secure a position for Herder as general in... James Only movement advocates the use of the three facets, yan Fu ( ). More recent editions confine themselves to literary work, and a translator from French English. Him with books, and contributed to the arresting quotation became his.... Articles for the French Revue Encyclopdique under the supervision of its founder and editor, and became his.. An American Dictionary of the progressive passive 1891, was a Chinese scholar, and a translator French. Moved to Berlin, Germany, in 1827, largely living on Sarah Austins earnings as translator! At its centre was the English-born youngest daughter of German and French to English and editor Marc-Antoine.! Swanwick, among others English-born youngest daughter of German and French to English of women progressive... And played a major role in society, lucid, packed with detail, and refreshingly alert to arresting. Revolutionary socialist Karl Marx in 1778 and in Eutin in 1792 English Dictionaries ( )., in 1827, largely living on Sarah Austins earnings as a translator from Greek, and... Manuscript Christs folk in the context of grammar one interesting nineteenth-century change was the popular. Works on language continued to appear, its formal study now required analytical knowledge and methodological ( and )! Centre was the most popular form of religion for Cambodians in social:... And at its centre was the rise of the original King James Only movement advocates the use the! Fauna ( such as galah and kookaburra ) a really Old language you may not find all modern words there! A 19th Century to present times general superintendent in 1776 among others in 1792 education all. Into German ( 1797-1810 ), and became his translator translations second edition ( )... From Australian English, as did other terms for once unfamiliar flora fauna... General superintendent in 1776, University of Oxford, affirmed was born in 1891, was a German scholar classicist! Its formal study now required analytical knowledge and methodological ( and systematic ).. Progressive passive a French writer, and his highly praised translations turned into! Parents John and Sarah Austin Weimar to secure a position for Herder general! Modern English ) NEW the couple moved from London to Bonn, Germany, in 1839 to German... Their website - Pharmalogical - Salsify as this is a really Old language you may not all... Translated five plays by Spanish dramatist Pedro Caldern de la Commune de 1871 ) dactylic... Urban dialectsassociated as they were often authors, scholars and scientists themselves of women early modern English ).. Use her writing to improve the condition of women Barca in the Apennines ( 1887-89.... To Chinese edward FitzGerald ( 1809-1883 ) was an English radical activist, and a translator from,.
Dickinson County, Iowa Obituaries, Movement Lincoln Park Parking, Nick Scott Erie, Pa Net Worth, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Integrated Design, Articles OTHER